IP Address to a IP Number

How TO convert an IP Address to a IP Number?
IP address (IPV4) is divided into 4 sub-blocks. Each sub-block has a different weight number.

To calculate IP Number the formula is given below
IP Number = 16777216*a + 65536*b + 256*c + d

where
IP Address = a.b.c.d


For example, if IP address is “127.4.5.13“, then its IP Number would be

IP Number = 16777216*127 + 65536*4 + 256*5 + 13
= 2130706432 + 262144 + 1280 + 13
= 2130969869

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Windows Sockets

Windows Sockets is the mechanism for communication between applicationsrunning on
the same computer or those running on different computers which are connected to a
LAN or WAN. Windows Sockets defines a set of standard API’s that an application uses
to communicate with one or more other applications, usually across a network. Windows
Sockets supports initiating an outbound connection, accepting inbound connections,
sending and receiving data on those connections, and terminating a session.

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The Telnet Command

Technically, telnet is a protocol. This means it is a language thatcomputer use to
communicate with one another in a particular way. From your point of view, Telnet is a program that lets you login to a site on the Internet through your connection to Teleport.

It is a terminal emulation program, meaning that when you connect to the remote site,
your computer functions as a terminal for that computer.

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How to use PING

The ping (Packet Internet Groper) is used to send ICMP (Internet Control Message
Protocol) packets from one host to another. Ping transmits packetsusing the ICMP
ECHO_REQUEST command and expects an ICMP ECHO_REPLY.Ping is the primary TCP/IP command used to troubleshoot connectivity, reachability, and name resolution.

Syntax
ping [-t] [-a] [-n Count] [-l Size] [-f] [-i TTL] [-v TOS] [-r Count] [-s Count] [{-j HostList | -k HostList}] [-w Timeout] [TargetName]

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The Netstat Command

Displays active TCP connections, ports on which the computer is listening, Ethernet statistics, the IP routing table, IPv4 statistics (for the IP, ICMP, TCP, and UDP protocols), and IPv6 statistics (for the IPv6, ICMPv6, TCP over IPv6, and UDP over IPv6 protocols). Used without parameters, netstat displays active TCP connections.

Syntax
netstat [-a] [-e] [-n] [-o] [-p Protocol] [-r] [-s] [Interval]

Switches:
-A Shows the addresses of any associated protocol control blocks.
-a Will show the status of all sockets. Sockets associated with network
server processes are normally not shown.
-I Shows the state of the network interfaces.
-m Prints the network memory usage.
-n Causes netstat to show actual addresses as opposed tohostnames or
network names.
-r Prints the routing table.
-s Tells netstat to show the per protocol statistics.
-t Replaces the queue length information with timer information.

Examples
To display both the Ethernet statistics and the statistics for all protocols, type the following command: netstat -e -s

To display the statistics for only the TCP and UDP protocols, type the following

command: netstat -s -p tcp udp

To display active TCP connections and the process IDs every 5 seconds, type the following command: nbtstat -o 5

To display active TCP connections and the process IDs using numerical form, type the following command: nbtstat -n -o

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The Finger Command

By default, finger will list the login name, full name, terminal name, and write status
(shown as a “*” before the terminal name if write permission is denied), idle time, login
time, office location, and phone number (if known) for each current user connected to the
network.

Syntax
finger [-l] [User] [@host] [...]

Switches:
-b Brief output format
-f Supresses the printing of the header line.
-i Provides a quick list of users with idle time.
-l Forces long output format.

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The Logon Process

WinLogon
Users must log on to a Windows NT machine in order to use that NT based machine or network. The logon process itself cannot be bypassed, it is mandatory. Once the user has logged on, anaccess token is created (this token will be discussed in more detail later).

This token contains user specific security information, such as:security identifier, group identifiers, user rights and permissions. The user, as well as all processes spawned by the user are identified to the system with this token.

The first step in the WinLogon process is something we are all familiar with,

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